Exosomes
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Stem-cell-derived extracellular vesicles administered IV or topically, marketed for inflammation, joint, neurological, and cosmetic outcomes. Mechanism is plausible (paracrine signaling); regulatory status is investigational in the US and FDA-warning-letter-flagged for several operators; outcome data are case-series-tier with one major exception (Direct Biologics ExoFlo COVID-ARDS trial).